Name The Following Organic Compounds:

How to name organic compounds using the IUPAC rules

In society to name organic compounds you lot must first memorize a few basic names. These names are listed within the discussion of naming alkanes. In general, the base of operations part of the name reflects the number of carbons in what y'all have assigned to be the parent chain. The suffix of the proper name reflects the type(southward) of functional group(s) present on (or inside) the parent chain. Other groups which are attached to the parent chain are called substituents.

Alkanes - saturated hydrocarbons
The names of the straight concatenation saturated hydrocarbons for up to a 12 carbon chain are shown below. The names of the substituents formed past the removal of one hydrogen from the cease of the chain is obtained past changing the suffix -ane to -yl.

Number of Carbons	Name
i	meth1
2	ethane
iii	propane
four	butone
5	pentane
half dozen	hexane
vii	hept1
8	oct1
9	nonone
x	decane
eleven	undecane
12	dodec1

There are a few common branched substituents which you should memorize. These are shown below.

Here is a simple listing of rules to follow. Some examples are given at the stop of the list.

Identify the longest carbon chain. This concatenation is called the parent concatenation.
Place all of the substituents (groups appending from the parent concatenation).
Number the carbons of the parent concatenation from the end that gives the substituents the everyman numbers. When compairing a serial of numbers, the series that is the "everyman" is the one which contains the everyman number at the occasion of the first difference. If ii or more than side chains are in equivalent positions, assign the lowest number to the one which will come first in the name.
If the same substituent occurs more once, the location of each point on which the substituent occurs is given. In addition, the number of times the substituent grouping occurs is indicated by a prefix (di, tri, tetra, etc.).
If there are two or more different substituents they are listed in alphabetical order using the base of operations name (ignore the prefixes). The but prefix which is used when putting the substituents in alphabetical guild is iso every bit in isopropyl or isobutyl. The prefixes sec- and tert- are not used in determining alphabetical order except when compared with each other.
If chains of equal length are competing for option every bit the parent concatenation, then the pick goes in series to:
a) the concatenation which has the greatest number of side chains.
b) the chain whose substituents have the everyman- numbers.
c) the chain having the greatest number of carbon atoms in the smaller side concatenation.
d)the chain having the least branched side chains.
A circadian (ring) hydrocarbon is designated past the prefix cyclo- which appears straight in front of the base name.

In summary, the name of the compound is written out with the substituents in alphabetical order followed by the base proper noun (derived from the number of carbons in the parent concatenation). Commas are used between numbers and dashes are used between letters and numbers. There are no spaces in the proper name.

Here are some examples:

Alkyl halides
The halogen is treated equally a substituent on an alkane chain. The halo- substituent is considered of equal rank with an alkyl substituent in the numbering of the parent chain. The halogens are represented equally follows:

F	fluoro-
Cl	chloro-
Br	bromo-
I	iodo-

Here are some examples:

Alkenes and Alkynes - unsaturated hydrocarbons
Double bonds in hydrocarbons are indicated by replacing the suffix -ane with -ene. If there is more than i double bond, the suffix is expanded to include a prefix that indicates the number of double bonds present (-adiene, -atriene, etc.). Triple bonds are named in a like way using the suffix -yne. The position of the multiple bond(s) within the parent concatenation is(are) indicated by placing the number(south) of the kickoff carbon of the multiple bail(s) directly in forepart of the base proper name.

Here is an of import list of rules to follow:
1. The parent chain is numbered and then that the multiple bonds have the lowest numbers (double and triple bonds take priority over alkyl and halo substituents).
2. When both double and triple bonds are present, numbers as low every bit possible are given to double and triple bonds even though this may at times give "-yne" a lower number than "-ene". When in that location is a choice in numbering, the double bonds are given the lowest numbers.
3. When both double and triple bonds are present, the -en suffix follows the parent concatenation directly and the -yne suffix follows the -en suffix (discover that the e is left off, -en instead of -ene). The location of the double bail(s) is(are) indicated earlier the parent name as before, and the location of the triple bond(south) is(are) indicated betwixt the -en and -yne suffixes. See below for examples.
4. For a branched unsaturated acyclic hydrocarbon, the parent concatenation is the longest carbon chain that contains the maximum number of double and triple bonds. If in that location are two or more chains competing for option as the parent concatenation (chain with the most multiple bonds), the choice goes to (1) the chain with the greatest number of carbon atoms, (2) the # of carbon atoms beingness equal, the chain containing the maximum number of double bonds.
5. If in that location is a choice in numbering not previously covered, the parent chain is numbered to requite the substituents the lowest number at the showtime point of difference.
Here are some examples:
Alcohols
Alcohols are named past replacing the suffix -ane with -anol. If there is more than i hydroxyl group (-OH), the suffix is expanded to include a prefix that indicates the number of hydroxyl groups present (-anediol, -anetriol, etc.). The position of the hydroxyl grouping(s) on the parent concatenation is(are) indicated by placing the number(south) corresponding to the location(s) on the parent chain directly in front end of the base name (aforementioned every bit alkenes).

Here is an important list of rules to follow:
1. The hydroxyl group takes precedence over alkyl groups and halogen substituents, as well every bit double bonds, in the numbering of the parent concatenation.
2. When both double bonds and hydroxyl groups are present, the -en suffix follows the parent concatenation directly and the -ol suffix follows the -en suffix (detect that the e is left off, -en instead of -ene). The location of the double bail(southward) is(are) indicated before the parent name as before, and the location of the hydroxyl grouping(south) is(are) indicated between the -en and -ol suffixes. See beneath for examples. Again, the hydroxyl gets priority in the numbering of the parent chain.
3. If there is a selection in numbering not previously covered, the parent chain is numbered to give the substituents the everyman number at the first point of difference.
Here are some examples:
Ethers
Yous are merely expected to know how to name ethers by their commmon names. The two alkyl groups fastened to the oxygen are put in alphabetical order with spaces between the names and they are followed by the word ether. The prefix di- is used if both alkyl groups are the same.

Here are some examples:
Aldehydes
Aldehydes are named past replacing the suffix -ane with -anal. If in that location is more than than one -CHO group, the suffix is expanded to include a prefix that indicates the number of -CHO groups nowadays (-anedial - there should not be more than ii of these groups on the parent concatenation as they must occur at the ends). It is not necessary to betoken the position of the -CHO group because this group will be at the end of the parent chain and its carbon is automatically assigned as C-1.

Here is an important listing of rules to follow:
1. The carbonyl grouping takes precedence over alkyl groups and halogen substituents, equally well as double bonds, in the numbering of the parent concatenation.
2. When both double bonds and carbonyl groups are present, the -en suffix follows the parent chain straight and the -al suffix follows the -en suffix (notice that the east is left off, -en instead of -ene). The location of the double bond(s) is(are) indicated before the parent proper name as before, and the -al suffix follows the -en suffix directly. Recall information technology is non necessary to specify the location of the carbonyl group because it will automatically be carbon #1. Run across below for examples. Again, the carbonyl gets priority in the numbering of the parent chain.
3. There are a couple of common names which are acceptable as IUPAC names. They are shown in the examples at the end of this list but at this point these names will not exist accepted by the computer. Somewhen they will be accustomed.
4. If there is a choice in numbering not previously covered, the parent concatenation is numbered to give the substituents the lowest number at the first point of difference.
Here are some examples:
Ketones
Ketones are named by replacing the suffix -ane with -anone. If there is more than one carbonyl group (C=O), the suffix is expanded to include a prefix that indicates the number of carbonyl groups present (-anedione, -anetrione, etc.). The position of the carbonyl group(s) on the parent concatenation is(are) indicated past placing the number(south) corresponding to the location(due south) on the parent chain directly in front of the base of operations name (same every bit alkenes).

Hither is an important list of rules to follow:
1. The carbonyl group takes precedence over alkyl groups and halogen substituents, too equally double bonds, in the numbering of the parent chain.
2. When both double bonds and carbonyl groups are present, the -en suffix follows the parent chain directly and the -one suffix follows the -en suffix (discover that the eastward is left off, -en instead of -ene). The location of the double bond(southward) is(are) indicated before the parent name every bit earlier, and the location of the carbonyl group(s) is(are) indicated between the -en and -ane suffixes. See below for examples. Again, the carbonyl gets priority in the numbering of the parent chain.
3. If there is a choice in numbering not previously covered, the parent chain is numbered to requite the substituents the everyman number at the kickoff point of difference.
Here are some examples:
Carboxylic Acids
Carboxylic acids are named by counting the number of carbons in the longest continuous chain including the carboxyl group and past replacing the suffix -ane of the respective alkane with -anoic acid. If there are 2 -COOH groups, the suffix is expanded to include a prefix that indicates the number of -COOH groups present (-anedioic acid - there should not be more than 2 of these groups on the parent chain as they must occur at the ends). Information technology is non necessary to indicate the position of the -COOH grouping considering this group will be at the finish of the parent chain and its carbon is automatically assigned as C-ane.

Here is an of import list of rules to follow:
1. The carboxyl group takes precedence over alkyl groups and element of group vii substituents, too as double bonds, in the numbering of the parent chain.
2. If the carboxyl group is attached to a ring the parent ring is named and the suffix -carboxylic acrid is added.
3. When both double bonds and carboxyl groups are nowadays, the -en suffix follows the parent chain straight and the -oic acrid suffix follows the -en suffix (notice that the e is left off, -en instead of -ene). The location of the double bond(s) is(are) indicated before the parent name equally before, and the -oic acid suffix follows the -en suffix direct. Remember it is not necessary to specify the location of the carboxyl group because it will automatically be carbon #1. See below for examples. Again, the carboxyl gets priority in the numbering of the parent concatenation.
4. There are several mutual names which are acceptable as IUPAC names. They are shown in the examples at the end of this list but at this point these names will non be accepted by the computer. Eventually they will be accepted.
5. If there is a choice in numbering not previously covered, the parent concatenation is numbered to give the substituents the lowest number at the showtime indicate of deviation.
Here are some examples:
Esters
Systematic names of esters are based on the name of the corresponding carboxylic acid. Call up esters await like this:

The alkyl grouping is named like a substituent using the -yl ending. This is followed past a infinite. The acyl portion of the proper noun (what is left over) is named by replacing the -ic acrid suffix of the corresponding carboxylic acid with -ate.
Here are some examples:
Amines
Y'all are only expected to know how to name amines by their common names . They are named like ethers, the alkyl (R) groups attached to the nitrogen are put in alphabetical order with no spaces between the names and these are followed by the word amine. The prefixes di- and tri- are used if ii or iii of the alkyl groups are the same.
NOTE: Some books put spaces between the parts of the proper name, but we will not. Follow the examples.

Here are some examples:

Summary of functional groups

Functional group	Prefix	Suffix
carboxylic acids	none	-oic acrid
aldehydes	none	-al
ketones	none	-one
alchols	hydroxy-	-ol
amines	amino-	-amine
ethers	alkoxy-	-ether
fluorine	fluoro-	none
chlorine	chloro-	none
bromine	bromo-	none
iodine	iodo-	none