Migration

C.F. LonginoJr., in Encyclopedia of Gerontology (2nd Edition), 2007

Migration Selectivity

Local movers over age 60 are by and large not every bit economically and socially well off as non-movers, and migrants are the near positively selected. These differences have been relatively stable over fourth dimension. Men and women are about equal in terms of making long-distance moves. Married couples predominate in this type of movement. Mayhap unsurprisingly, the very old tend to movement shorter distances. Migrants with the most education tend to move the farthest.

Studies comparing in-migrants with non-migrant age peers at their destination observe that the migrants are financially better off. This is attributed to the tendency of migrants to move to locations with a somewhat lower toll of living than their origin. Cost of living and income is higher in larger cities. Also, moving is costly, and so it tends to screen out those who cannot afford to motility. Further, amenity migrants tend to move soon later retirement, before there is any decay in their retirement income relative to more than recent retirees.

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Structure and Function of the Elbow and Forearm Circuitous

Paul Jackson Mansfield DPT, BS, MS , Donald A. Neumann PhD, PT, FAPTA , in Essentials of Kinesiology for the Physical Therapist Assistant (Tertiary Edition), 2019

Elbow Flexors

The prime movers of elbow flexion are the biceps brachii, the brachialis, and the brachioradialis. These muscles accept a line of force that passes anterior to the elbow'southward axis of rotation (Fig. 5.19). The pronator teres is considered a secondary elbow flexor. Iii of the 4 flexors also have the potential to pronate or supinate the forearm. Notation that any elbow flexor muscle that attaches distally to the radius (versus the ulna) will also pronate or supinate the forearm. These forearm functions bestow a unique action on each muscle—an important consideration when testing the strength of or attempting to maximally stretch a specific elbow flexor muscle.

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Massage Application Assessment for Physical Healing and Rehabilitation

Sandy Fritz MS, NCTMB , ... Glenn M. Hymel EdD, LMT , in Clinical Massage in the Healthcare Setting, 2008

Phasic Muscles.

Phasic (mover) muscles jump into action chop-chop and tire speedily. Musculotendinous junction problems are more common in phasic muscles. The iv near common problems are microtearing of the muscle fibers at the tendon, inflamed tendons (tendinitis), tendons adhering to underlying tissue, and bursitis.

Phasic muscles unremarkably weaken in response to postural muscle shortening. Sometimes the weakened muscles also shorten. This shortening allows the weak muscle the same contraction power on the joint. It is important non to confuse this condition with hypertense muscles; these muscles are inhibited and weak.

Phasic muscles occasionally become overly tense and short. This almost always results from some sort of repetitive behavior and is a common problem in patients. Phasic muscles also become short in response to a sudden posture change that causes them to assist the postural muscles in maintaining balance. These common, inappropriate muscle patterns often result from an unexpected fall or almost fall, an automobile accident, or some other trauma. Bones massage methods discussed in this text can be used to reset and retrain muscles that are out of sync.

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Global Perspective

P.D. Kennewell , in Comprehensive Medicinal Chemistry II, 2007

one.03.8.1 Antirheumatic Agents

1.03.8.i.ane Actarit

Merchandise name Orcl, Mover
Manufacturer Nihon Shinyaku, Mitsubishi, Kesei
Country of origin Japan
Year of introduction 1994
Country in which first launched Nippon
CAS registry number 18699-02-0
Construction

While the structure of actarit might advise nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory activity, information technology actually has no effect on models of acute inflammation. Information technology appears to work by the modulation of production and serum levels of interleukin-2, which enhances the production of suppressor T cells by the immune organization.

one.03.8.1.two Adalimumab

Trade name Humira
Manufacturer Cambridge Antibody Engineering science/Abbott
Country of origin Usa
Year of introduction 2003
Country in which beginning launched U.s.a.
CAS registry number 331731-18-one
Structure – recombinant humanized antibody of molecular weight 148   kDa

Adalimumab was the offset fully human neutralizing IgG1 monoclonal antibiotic specific for tumor necrosis gene alpha (TNF-α). Occludent of TNF bounden to p55 and p75 jail cell surface TNF receptors decreases leukocyte migration and acute stage reactants. Adalimumab is administered subcutaneously once every 2 weeks; in combination with methotrexate it results in improved American College of Rheumatology (ACR) scores and reduced articulation space narrowing.

1.03.8.1.three Anakinra

Trade proper noun Kineret
Manufacturer Amgen/Academy of Colorado
Country of origin The states
Year of introduction 2001
Land in which start launched The states
CAS registry number 143090-092-0
Structure – recombinant protein of molecular weight 17.iii   kDa

Anakinra is a recombinant nonglycosylated human interleukin-one receptor antagonist that was introduced as a daily subcutaneous injection therapy for the reduction of signs and symptoms of moderate to severe rheumatoid arthritis in adults who accept failed to reply to ane or more disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs.

one.03.8.one.4 Celecoxib

Merchandise proper name Celebrex
Manufacturer Searle, Pfizer
Land of origin United states
Year of introduction 1999
State in which first launched U.s.
CAS registry number 169590-42-5
Structure

Celecoxib is a potent and highly selective inhibitor of COX-two, the inducible form of cyclooxygenase expressed during the inflammatory process. Information technology does not block COX-1 thus suppressing the gastric and intestinal toxicity of virtually nonselective nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs). Information technology was launched for the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis and osteoarthritis only has besides been canonical for utilize in patients with familial adenomatous polyposis.

one.03.8.one.5 Etoricoxib

Merchandise name Arcoxia
Manufacturer Merck
Country of origin USA
Year of introduction 2002
Country in which beginning launched Mexico
CAS registry number 202409-33-4
Structure

Etoricoxib was introduced as a follow-upward to rofecoxib for the treatment of osteoarthritis, rheumatoid arthritis, dysmenorrhea, gout, ankylosing spondylitis, and pain. Information technology is the virtually-selective COX-2 and then far marketed.

i.03.8.ane.half-dozen Leflunomide

Trade name Arava
Manufacturer Hoechst Marion Roussel
Country of origin Germany
Year of introduction 1998
Country in which first launched Usa
CAS registry number 75706-12-6
Structure

Leflunomide is the first and just drug to be indicated to irksome down structural joint impairment in rheumatoid arthritis. It is a prodrug with a metabolic ring opening giving the active agent, which inhibits the enzyme dihydroorotate dehydrogenase involved in the biosynthesis of pyrimidine nucleosides. It is an orally available disease-modifying antirheumatic drug.

one.03.8.1.7 Meloxicam

Merchandise name Mobec
Manufacturer Boehringer Ingelheim
Country of origin Frg
Year of introduction 1996
Country in which first launched Britain
CAS registry number 71125-38-7
Construction

Meloxicam was launched equally an NSAID for the treatment of osteo- and rheumatoid arthritis.

1.03.8.1.8 Parecoxib sodium

Merchandise proper name Dynastat
Manufacturer Pharmacia (Searle)
Country of origin The states
Yr of introduction 2002
Country in which first launched Uk
CAS registry number 197502-82-1
Structure

Parecoxib sodium is a prodrug of parecoxib that was launched as an injectable COX-ii inhibitor for the treatment of inflammation and acute hurting, particularly postoperative pain.

ane.03.8.1.9 Rofecoxib

Trade name Vioxx
Manufacturer Merck
Country of origin U.s.
Year of introduction 1999
Country in which first launched Mexico
CAS registry number 162011-ninety-seven
Structure

Rofecoxib was launched for the management of acute pain and the treatment of osteoarthritis and primary dysmenorrhea. It is a selective inhibitor of COX-two. Unanticipated circulatory bug take led to the withdrawal of Vioxx from the market.

1.03.eight.1.ten Valdecoxib

Trade proper name Bextra
Manufacturer Pharmacia (Searle)
Country of origin USA
Twelvemonth of introduction 2002
Country in which first launched USA
CAS registry number 181695-72-7
Construction

Valdecoxib was launched as a second-generation COX-2 inhibitor for the treatment of osteoarthritis, adult rheumatoid arthritis, and menstrual pain. It combines expert activeness confronting osteoarthritis, rheumatoid arthritis, and dysmenorrhea with lower levels of abdominal pain, dyspepsia, and constipation than seen with the traditional NSAIDs.

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Veterinarian Fascial Manipulation

Tuulia Luomala PT , Mika Pihlman PT , in A Practical Guide to Fascial Manipulation, 2017

Cats

Cats are rubberband movers and can compensate for minor problems that may be difficult to observe. Therapists using VFM should be aware of true cat behavioural patterns. Adequate communication with the owner is essential before starting the handling. Because of their pocket-sized size, it is sometimes difficult to verify the right airplane to treat cats. Only fingertips should be used in these cases.

Mimosa, 8 years old, had her left hind leg crippled after she was hitting by a car 2 years ago. She survived, merely after the accident she ran on three legs with her left hind leg raised. Mimosa was checked by the vet, and her X-rays were negative regarding fracture or dislocation. She has been managing with the crippled leg, but 2 months ago the owner noticed that she had difficulty jumping to her favourite shelf. This was the primary functional problem reported by the owner forth with lameness. She has been with this owner all her life and he stated that Mimosa never experienced whatsoever previous trauma. Mimosa was behaving very nicely during the treatment and the problematic aeroplane was verified to exist horizontal. Hock surface area (fascia of the peroneal muscles ER-TA lt), hip (fascia of the vastus medialis musculus IR-CX lt and fascia of gluteal surface area ER-CX lt), and pelvis (fascia over the iliac spine ER-PV bi) were treated. After the VFM treatment the owner reported that Mimosa was able to bound up and walk on all four legs. Cats are intriguing animals, and while they are not the easiest to care for, they are willing to tolerate treatment when they sense that it is needed (Fig. vii.iii).

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Coal Storage and Transportation☆

J.One thousand. Ekmann , P.H. Le , in Reference Module in Earth Systems and Ecology Sciences, 2014

Pneumatic Transport of Coal

Iii different types of air movers are commonly used for pneumatic transport: fans, blowers, and compressors. The fans are the most cheap movers, the blowers are the workhorse of pneumatic transport, and the compressors are used for pressure ratios over 2:1.

When any of these movers are used in coal-fired steam power plants, chief air fans are used to supply air to the mills. In that location are many varieties of feeders, such as rotary feeders with different design variations (rotor, blades, and casing), gate lock feeders in pressurized systems, and spiral feeders. In improver, filters and cyclones are available for separating, dividing, or redirecting the flow.

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Cognitive Neuroscience

Craig Weiss , John F. Disterhoft , in Encyclopedia of Social Measurement, 2005

Eyeball Retraction

Considering eyeball retraction is the primary mover for NM extension, it may exist a more sensitive measure than NM extension is, and may be useful when looking for subtle changes in the system. This was the case when Disterhoft and colleagues adamant which eye muscles regulated the conditioned response. They fitted the rabbit with a contact lens that had a thin filmstrip protruding from information technology. The filmstrip had an optical density grating that moved freely between an LED and a phototransistor. The output of the device was then calibrated for volts per millimeter of retraction.

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Changes in Sensory Motor Beliefs in Aging

Laurence Due south. Greene , Harriet Thousand. Williams , in Advances in Psychology, 1996

THEORETICAL ORIENTATIONS TO Crumbling AND MOTOR BEHAVIOR

Our contemporary understanding of the crumbling mover is inextricably tied to the theoretical perspectives and inquiry paradigms that have traditionally characterized motor behavior research. Specifically, motility scientists have relied heavily on information processing and motor programming theories to describe movement-related capacities in older persons (e.thousand., Spirduso, 1980; Welford, 1988). Within these frameworks, researchers have by and large used experiments involving elementary uniarticular movements where the observables of interest are maximum speed and accurateness. The outcomes of these research approaches have conspicuously influenced our impressions of the 'movement problems' faced by the elderly and even the mechanisms underlying declines in sensorimotor functioning. For case, we commonly view the age-related slowing of reaction time as a key determinant of deficits in common movement skills such as driving a car or restoring upright posture post-obit an unexpected perturbation of remainder (Stelmach & Nahom, 1992; Stelmach & Worringham, 1985). Moreover, we may attribute senescent declines in motor skill to impairments in specific stages of data processing (e.yard., Larish & Stelmach, 1982; Salthouse & Somberg, 1982; Simon & Pouraghbagher, 1978). Reaction time paradigms, which have been used to isolate processing stages leading to the germination of motor programs, are usually viewed as "behavioral windows" into CNS functioning in the elderly.

The value and productivity of traditional approaches to studying aging and motor behavior are not debatable; however, their limitations should be considered. In the general context of motion science, these limitations have been raised in discussions which contrast information processing and dynamic systems as advisable models for theory building (meet Kelso & Tuller, 1984; Kelso, Holt, Rubin, & Kugler, 1981; Kugler, Kelso, & Turvey, 1980). However, such discussions generally take non considered special populations such as older adults. By definition, information processing models have mostly restricted our description of aging effects to central processes leading up to, only not including, movement execution. In many cases, these models practise non account for the peripheral consequences and sensory regulation of "programmed" movements. As argued by Bernstein (1967) in his influential treatise, movement outcomes cannot exist solely determined by centrally-executed commands because they are shaped past the mutual and dynamic influences of neural and non-neural factors (e.g., anatomical and biomechanical constraints, information menses fields, environmental obstacles, gravity and inertial forces). Given the peripherally-based structural and functional changes (east.g., loss of strength, flexibility, and somato-sensation) which occur during the crumbling process, a centralist arroyo inordinately narrows the telescopic of inquiry. Indeed, these structural and functional changes may human action as constraints which influence the older person'south ability to perform movements directly and by altering perception of environmental affordances (Konczak, Meeuwsen, & Cress, 1992). Thus, we would contend that a complete clarification of the aging mover especially requires a model that accounts for the dynamic cooperation between central and peripheral processes, and the coupling of perception and action (east.k., Reed, 1982; Turvey, Shaw, & Mace, 1978).

As a consequence of using reaction fourth dimension paradigms to isolate specific cardinal processing operations, researchers may inappropriately characterize the aging mover as a "passive processor" of information. To make generalizations apropos movement behavior based on reaction time experiments requires assumptions that motor output depends on sensory input and that organisms are inactive until responses are triggered by external stimulation. These outdated assumptions clearly take not been substantiated; following Gibson (1979) and Bernstein (1967), nosotros have come up to sympathise that effective goal-directed move depends on agile exploration of ecology affordances and preparatory postural adjustments which provide stability for voluntary movements. Nosotros would argue that older persons are particularly active (and fifty-fifty efficacious) in exploring ecology affordances and in achieving preparatory postural stability. For example, the 'speed/accuracy tradeoff miracle, which partly explains behavioral slowing with age (Rabbitt, 1979), may be interpreted to suggest that older persons act with item awareness of environmental data (i.e., accuracy demands of a given chore). Moreover, as demonstrated by Konczak et al. (1992), older persons are considerably more accurate than immature counterparts in matching their perception of ecology affordances with their actual capacity to execute goal-directed movements effectively. With regard to preparatory postural adjustments, the interval between postural and (upper extremity) voluntary muscle action is disproportionately longer in older versus young subjects (Inglin & Woollacott, 1988); thus, older persons appear to be particularly sensitive to establishing stability in preparation for focal movements.

By adopting the focus of most branches of the natural sciences, researchers who study the crumbling mover take more often than not exploited a 'reductionist' style of inquiry; as previously addressed, most studies take examined elderly subjects' performance on unilateral and oft single-joint movements. A consequence of reductionism is the inability to describe coordination, or cooperative miracle among elements of perception-action systems. Moreover, past fractionating a organisation the researcher may overlook the dynamical properties which define that system (see Haken, 1985). In movement scientific discipline, this point was illustrated in a classical experiment by Kelso, Southard, and Goodman (1979). They demonstrated that laws explaining the command of a single limb do not hold when individuals perform bilateral movements. Thus, coordinated motor behavior cannot be understood by "re-assembling" information gained from studies on single-degree of freedom movements. Movement abilities which immature adults may take for granted are essential to the quality of life of older adults. Thus, the importance of studying coordination in the elderly is manifested in daily tasks and recreational activities such every bit walking, using the easily and fingers to dispense objects, playing a musical musical instrument, exercising, and so forth. A richer interpretation of declines in motion-related capacities with age may be derived from studies on coordination. For example, slowing in manual dexterity tasks may be due to deficiency in coupling or decoupling the hands and fingers. Poor balance in older persons may be attributable to dysfunction in organizing and executing synergistic muscle responses, rather than (or in addition to) declines in the speed of muscle activation. Our understanding of factors which contribute to age-related declines in performing such activities is essential to helping older persons maintain functional independence and quality of life. Accordingly, researchers are challenged to (a) describe the degree to which multi-degree of freedom movements are coordinated in older adults, (b) identify constraints and control parameters which engender changes in coordinated behavior across the adult life span, and (c) devise strategies and interventions for retarding historic period-related declines in complex movements.

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Solar Infinite Heating and Cooling Systems☆

Due south.A. Kalogirou , 1000.A. Florides , in Reference Module in Earth Systems and Environmental Sciences, 2016

Solar-Mechanical Systems

These systems utilize a solar-powered prime number mover to drive a conventional ac organisation. This can exist washed by converting solar energy into electricity by ways of photovoltaic devices and then utilize an electric motor to drive a vapor compressor. The photovoltaic panels, however, have a low field efficiency of about 10–xv%, depending on the type of cells used, which result in low overall efficiencies for the organization.

The solar-powered prime mover tin can too be a Rankine engine. In a typical arrangement, energy from the collector is stored, so transferred to a heat exchanger, and finally free energy is used to bulldoze the heat engine. The heat engine drives a vapor compressor, which produces a cooling result at the evaporator. Every bit shown in Fig. 15 , the efficiency of the solar collector decreases equally the operating temperature increases, whereas the efficiency of the oestrus engine of the organisation increases as the operating temperature increases. The two efficiencies encounter at a point (A in Fig. fifteen ) giving an optimum operating temperature for steady-state operation. The combined system has overall efficiencies between 17% and 23%.

Fig. 15. Collector and power cycle efficiencies as a function of operating temperature.

Due to the diurnal cycle, both the cooling load and the storage tank temperature vary through the day. Therefore, designing such a system presents appreciable difficulties. When a Rankine heat engine is coupled with a constant-speed air conditioner, the output of the engine seldom matches the input required by the air conditioner. Therefore, auxiliary energy must exist supplied when the engine output is less than that required, or otherwise, excess energy may be used to produce electricity for other purposes.

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The Shoulder in Swimming

George J. Davies , ... Robert Manske , in The Athlete'due south Shoulder (2d Edition), 2009

Accent on Total Arm Strength, Power, and Endurance

The long head of the biceps is an important mover in the early pull-through phase of the swim stroke, and ignoring it in forcefulness training tin expose the swimmer to injury and overuse issues. Because the biceps brachii and triceps muscles cross the glenohumeral joint, they take the potential to contribute to dynamic stability of the glenohumeral articulation. Davies and Ellenbecker 93 described a full arm strengthening upshot of the unabridged upper extremity musculature. Pagnani and colleagues 94 show how the biceps brachii functions to provide additional stability in the overhead athlete with underlying anterior glenohumeral joint instability.

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